Salzburg was built on mining, of both gold and salt, although salt (the so-called 'white gold') has always been more important. Salz is German for salt and Salzburg literally means 'Fortress of Salt'.The city was originally a Celtic settlement and later a Roman trading centre called Juvavum. In about 696 the Frankish missionary St Rupert established a bishopric in Salzburg, which was subsequently made an archbishopric, with authority over the dioceses of Bavaria. Over time the archbishops became increasingly involved in temporal matters and in the 13th century each was granted the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. Wolf Dietrich von Raintenau (1587-1612), one of the most influential archbishops, began the city's reconstruction in the baroque style. Over time, the prince-archbishops became more and more intolerant; in the late 15th century the Jews were expelled and in 1731-32 some 30,000 Protestants migrated to Prussia after a period of severe persecution. Salzburg managed to stay out of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) and remained neutral during the War of Austrian Succession a century later, but after that its power and prosperity began to diminish. It came under completely secular rule in 1802 and during the Napoleonic Wars was controlled by France, and then Bavaria. The 1814 annexation of Salzburg by Austria under the Hapsburgs plunged the city into a recession. This had the benefit, not much enjoyed at the time, of ensuring that the historic buildings in the city centre were preserved, as no one could afford to build anything else.

At the end of World War I the Hapsburg monarchy fell and the old empire was broken up into several smaller new nations. One of these was the Republic of Austria, which was founded on 12 November 1918. The new republic lasted twenty years, until Nazi troops marched into Vienna on 11 March 1938 and made Austria part of the German Reich. A puppet government was installed, and Austrians were conscripted into the German army. During WWII over 40 percent of Salzburg's buildings were destroyed or badly damaged. After Germany lost the war Austria was, on the 27 April 1945, made a separate nation once more. After 10 years of allied occupation, the country declared its permanent neutrality on 15 May 1955. Austria joined the United Nations in the same year.

Since the 1950s, Salzburg has become a tourist Mecca, thanks mostly to the fact that it was the birthplace, in 1756, of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Although the city didn't pay too much heed to him back then, his image is now used to sell everything from cookies to snowdomes. We may soon be seeing Mozart skis: Salzburg has made another bid to host the Winter Olympics, this time in 2014.

The 11th-century Festung Hohensalzburg (Hohensalzburg Fortress) is the high point (literally and metaphorically) of a visit to Salzburg, offering a stupendous northern city view from its 120m (400ft) elevation. The view to the south is of Alpine peaks, including the 1853m (6080ft) Untersberg.

Altstadt (Old Town)

Mönchsberg 34

telephone or fax: 

Web: http://www.salzburg-burgen.at

open hours:09:00-18:00

prices:

Of the two Mozart museums in town, both of which are popular and pricey, this is the better one. The Mozart family lived in this house from 1773 to 1787, although Mozart himself was only resident from 1773 to 1780. Tours include commentary and musical excerpts from handheld devices activated by infrared signals.

Makartplatz 8

New Town

telephone or fax: 

open hours:09:00-19:00

prices:

You could spend hours roaming around the diverse and well displayed exhibits at the Haus Der Natur (Museum of Natural History), located in the centre of the old city. There are flora, fauna and mineral displays, exhibits on physics and astronomy, a 42-tank aquarium, a reptile house and plenty of live creepy crawlies.

Museumplatz 5

Altstadt (Old Town)

telephone or fax: 

open hours:09:00-17:00

prices:

Salzburg Airport handles international flights and also has regular scheduled flights to many European and the main Austrian cities. The departure tax is factored into the price of your air ticket. The airport is less than 4km (2.5mi) west of the city centre at Innsbrucker Bundesstrasse 95. Bus No. 2 leaves from outside the airport and terminates at the main train station in the city. Salzburg is well served by IC (InterCity) and EC (EuroCity) train services. Austrian trains are comfortable, clean and reasonably frequent. Bundesbuses depart from outside the Hauptbahnhof on Südtiroler Platz, where timetables are displayed. The bus is best considered a backup to the rail service - more useful for reaching out-of-the-way places and local destinations than for long distance travel.

Tourist offices and hotels sell the Salzburg Card, which provides free entry to all the city's museums and sights, reduced entry to a further 26 attractions and free public transport for the duration. Salzburg has an efficient local bus system and bus routes are shown on city and hotel maps. Bus taxis operate nightly 23:30-01:30 (to 03:00 on weekends) on 12 routes, with Hanuschplatz the departure point for suburban routes on the left bank, and Theatergasse for routes to the right bank. Driving in the city is hardly worth the effort as parking places are limited and much of the old town is accessible only by foot. There is a good network of cycle paths in and around the city and the bike rental office in Salzburg's main train station is open 07:00-24:00 daily from Apr-Sep.